Which of the following are two common vasoconstrictors used with local anesthetics?

Epinephrine and levonordefrin are two common vasoconstrictors used in conjunction with local anesthetics for several important reasons. When added to local anesthetic formulations, these agents help to constrict blood vessels in the area of administration. This vasoconstriction serves multiple purposes: it prolongs the duration of action of the local anesthetic by slowing its systemic absorption, reduces bleeding in the target area during procedures, and can enhance the effectiveness of the anesthetic by maintaining a higher concentration at the site of action.

Epinephrine, commonly known as adrenaline, is widely used due to its potent vasoconstrictive properties and ability to provide rapid onset. Levonordefrin is another effective vasoconstrictor that is often used as an alternative to epinephrine, particularly in patients who may be sensitive to epinephrine's systemic effects.

Other options listed, while they may have vasoconstrictive capabilities or effects on blood vessels, are not commonly used with local anesthetics in clinical practice in the same way as epinephrine and levonordefrin. For example, norepinephrine is typically reserved for more critical care settings and not used in dental or outpatient procedures; phenylephrine and ephedrine